Vinoba Bhave, or Acharya Vinoba Bhave, emerges as an emblematic figure in India’s history, renowned for his relentless advocacy of nonviolence, human rights, and his pivotal role in the Bhoodan Movement. Often hailed as the “National Teacher of India” and the spiritual successor to Mahatma Gandhi, his life and contributions have left an enduring imprint on the nation’s collective consciousness.
Early Life and Influences
Born on 11th September 1895 in the tranquil village of Gagoji, now known as Gagode Budruk in Kolaba, Maharashtra, Vinoba Bhave was the eldest son of Narahari Shambhu Rao and Rukmani Devi. Raised in a family with a rationalist and modern perspective, he drew inspiration from his grandfather, Shamburao Bhave, and his spiritually inclined mother, Rukmini Devi. His spiritual journey ignited when he encountered the Bhagavad Gita at a young age.
A pivotal moment occurred in 1916 when he read about Mahatma Gandhi’s speech at Banaras Hindu University. Inspired by Gandhi’s words, Vinoba Bhave made a momentous decision, discarding his school and college certificates into a fire en route to Bombay for his intermediate examination. Correspondence with Gandhi ensued, culminating in their meeting at Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad on 7th June 1916. Subsequently, he forsook formal education to immerse himself in Gandhi’s constructive programs encompassing Khadi, village industries, new education (Nai Talim), sanitation, and hygiene.
Involvement in the Freedom Struggle
Vinoba Bhave actively participated in the Indian independence movement alongside Mahatma Gandhi, residing in Gandhi’s Sabarmati Ashram in a cottage named “Vinoba Kutir.” His profound understanding of the Bhagavad Gita led to a series of discourses, later compiled into the book “Talks on the Gita,” resonating not only within the ashram but reaching audiences far beyond India’s borders.
In 1940, Mahatma Gandhi chose Vinoba Bhave as the first individual Satyagrahi, symbolising the pursuit of truth through nonviolent resistance against British rule. His steadfast commitment to celibacy, influenced by the principle of Brahmacharya, earned him admiration from Gandhi. Active in the Quit India Movement, Vinoba Bhave was arrested multiple times in the 1920s and 1930s for leading nonviolent protests against British colonial rule.
The Synthesiser of Religions and Social Reformer
Vinoba Bhave’s religious philosophy was inclusive and synthesising. Drawing inspiration from various religions, he incorporated their truths into his outlook. His hymn “Om Tat Sat” embraced symbols from diverse faiths, reflecting his belief in the unity of all religions and his vision of victory for the world.
The foundation of his Sarvodaya (welfare of all) movement lay in close observation of the life of ordinary Indians in rural communities. Seeking solutions grounded in spirituality, he launched the Bhoodan Movement in 1951 at Pochampally. Walking across India, he appealed to landowners to donate a part of their land to the landless poor. His commitment to nonviolence and compassion was evident in his campaign against the slaughter of cows.
Literary Contributions
Vinoba Bhave was not just a social reformer but also a prolific writer, translator, and scholar. He translated several Sanskrit texts into languages accessible to the common people. Proficient in numerous languages – Marathi, Kannada, Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, English, and Sanskrit – he bridged the gap between classical texts and the contemporary world.
He translated the Bhagavad Gita into Marathi, considering it the very breath of his life. His literary contributions extended to critiques and introductions of religious and philosophical works, including those of Adi Shankaracharya, the Bible, and the Quran.
Legacy and Awards
Vinoba Bhave’s legacy continues to inspire generations, celebrated for his dedication to nonviolence, spirituality, and social upliftment. Posthumously honoured with the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award, in 1983, he is remembered for his selfless service.
Vinoba Bhave’s life, marked by asceticism and an unwavering commitment to justice and peace, stands as a testament to the power of nonviolence, compassion, and spirituality in propelling social change and uplifting humanity. His teachings and actions resonate through the ages, inspiring a more humane and equitable world.